The improvement in sustainability by using rice straw barrels for different countries is analysed based on the THDI. The new concept of the rice straw barrel is improved based on a new indicator for sustainability, the Thermodynamic Human Development Index (THDI), which was introduced within the last three years. In this paper, potential annual biomethane production from anaerobic digestion is evaluated, resulting in a range of biomethane created for each rice straw barrel depending on volatile solid (VS) content as a percentage of total solid (TS) content and on biomethane yield: 23.36 m3 (VS=73.8%TS, 92 L kgVS−1), 26.61 m3 (VS=84.08%TS, 186 L kgVS−1), 29.27 m3 (VS=95.26%TS, 280 L kgVS−1). Recently, analogous to a barrel of oil, a metric approach to rice straw, the rice straw barrel, was introduced in order to assign economic value to this waste. The larger amount of this field residue is burned or left in the field, which has very important environmental consequences. Indeed, only 20% of the rice straw produced is used in the pulp and paper industry. The maximum adsorption capacity of HC and AHC samples are 194.9 and 12.55 mg/g (i.e., mg of adsorbate/g of adsorbent), respectively. The pH of zero point charge (pHzpc) is 4.3 and 4.6 for HC and AHC samples, respectively. The results confirm the formation of amorphous hydrochar with a porous structure. The samples were investigated for their possible use as adsorbents of methylene blue (MB) dye. Several techniques have been applied to characterize the prepared samples as FTIR, XRD, TEM and SEM. Activated hydrochar (AHC) was prepared by in situ chemical activation using ZnCl2 and MHTC. This work represents a facile method to prepare hydrochar (HC) from pomegranate peels’ waste using the microwave-assisted hydrothermal carbonization method (MHTC) at 200 ☌ for 1 h with a mass ratio of peel to water = 1:10. Several studies have reported that the hydrothermal carbonization method (HTC) of agricultural waste is able to produce a solid residue with interesting properties for the adsorption of organic pollutants from contaminated water. The main focus of this work is on the various methods used to synthesize these carbon materials from agricultural waste materials, and their important applications for energy storage devices, optoelectronics, biosensors, and polymer coatings. Many of the renewable sources are covered as focused here, such as sugar cane waste, pineapple, its solid biomass, rise husk, date palm, nicotine tabacum stems, lapsi seed stone, rubber-seed shell, coconut shell, and orange peels. This review explores the nanostructured carbon detailed investigation of sources and their relevant reports. ![]() They are synthesized via several methods, including pyrolysis, microwave method, hydrothermal synthesis, and chemical vapor deposition, and the use of renewable and cheaper agricultural feedstocks and reactants is increasing for reducing cost and simplifying production. According to their structures, carbon allotropes are classified as carbon nanodots, carbon nanoparticles, graphene, oxide, carbon nanotubes, and fullerenes. Nanostructured carbon materials are gaining importance due to their high surface area for application in the energy, biotechnology, biomedical, and environmental fields. Carbon materials are versatile in nature due to their unique and modifiable surface and ease of production.
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